Steven Cumper
Steven John Cumper, B.App.Sc. (Osteo.), M.Ost., is a businessman with a strong background in biomedical science and osteopathic medicine. He founded Medshop while studying at RMIT University in Australia, expanding its reach to markets in Papua New Guinea, Singapore, and Malaysia. In September 2021, the Bunzl Group acquired a majority stake in Medshop, but Cumper remains involved as the Managing Director (Medshop Group). His journey from Zimbabwe to the UK and Australia reflects his dedication to academia and entrepreneurship, combining diverse knowledge and experience.
Latest Articles
August 29, 2024
Steven Cumper
The History of the AED: From Invention to Lifesaving Device
The number of public places one can find an Automated External Defibrillator (AED) in Australia (and the developed world) rises every year. These lifesaving devices are now increasingly found in fitness centers, office spaces, airports, shopping malls, and even in the waiting areas of hospitals, making early defibrillation accessible to the public. Barring a few key differences, what used to exist only as a defibrillator is now an overwhelmingly automated version, capable of delivering electric shocks to restore normal heart rhythm in cases of sudden cardiac arrest. There are so many AEDs in the world today, the question everyone should be able to answer is, where is the nearest one? For medical professionals and first responders trained in resuscitation techniques, using manual defibrillation with electrode pads might be preferable due to the ability to customize treatment. However, the widespread availability of modern AEDs allows even untrained bystanders to perform potentially lifesaving interventions, significantly increasing the chance of survival during a cardiac emergency. The AED addresses a modern public health challenge. While people no longer die from infectious diseases at the rates they once did, we are living longer, which means we are more susceptible to conditions like ventricular fibrillation—a treatable misfire in the body’s electrical system. The good news is, in today's world, even someone with zero experience can save another's life with an AED, correcting a shockable rhythm and contributing to the chain of survival. The AED is one of the most important medical devices of the last century, empowering everyday people to perform lifesaving actions. We have yet to see the full scope of possibilities from this transformative technology. It started with some pretty crude devices… First Electricity Leading up to the first electrical medical devices for the heart was the discovery or if you prefer the word harnessing... of electricity in the 18th century. For most of Humanity’s history leading up the 20th century, the medical role for electricity was to determine if someone had died. A quick zap to the tissue would wake someone who'd passed out. A dead patient would stay dead. In Europe and Russia, researchers in the 1890s started playing with electricity to revive animals. A pair of physiologists from the University of Geneva, Jean-Louis Prévost and Frederic Batelli began this work with undetermined success. Others followed their work, but none of that research resulted in a successful case of chest defibrillation in a human being. Then, in the 1930s, a new York cardiologist, Albert S. Hyman with his brother Charles, created the first artificial pacemaker. It wasn’t a defibrillator as such, but this was our first foray into applying electricity to the heart to keep it going. Prior to this, doctors might attempt to massage a heart on the operating table to stop a case fibrillation, but results varied. (That's code for it didn't work very well.) First Defibrillator Those varied results were the experience of another cardiac surgeon, Claude Beck, who worked at the University Hospital in Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A. Sometimes he could massage a heart to defibrillate, but usually, fibrillation meant the surgery was over. Beck first applied current to the hearts of animals whom he’d placed into ventricular fibrillation, attempting to defibrillate them. He was not done with this research when presented with a case in 1947. During a surgery on a 14-year-old boy, the patient’s heart stopped. Beck had his assistants retrieve his experimental equipment from his basement, a crude defibrillator, and transistor. The paddles of Beck’s system were modified spoons with wooden handles to shield him from the shock. They plugged in the transistor and Beck applied the first shock. It did not work, but the second shock was a success. This marked the first successful closed-chest defibrillation in a human, a breakthrough that gained national attention. Beck’s crude defibrillator was a significant milestone in the history of AEDs, inspiring others to continue research and development in this field. Portable Defibrillator The work of Beck inspired others to further his findings. In 1950 Paul M. Zoll (the same Zoll, which is now a household name in AED technology) developed an external pacemaker, designed to stimulate the heart without opening up a patient’s chest. Zoll's 150-volt system required a medical professional to apply two one-inch diameter metal discs covered in electrode jelly on the right and left sides of the chest. They stayed in place via a rubber strap. By 1952, Zoll published papers on the success of his resuscitation work with patients suffering from heart block and asystole conditions. It wasn’t perfect though. Patients suffered burns and pain after treatment, but it was better than suffering death. Zoll’s pacemaker may have been crude, but it was something, and it was portable. It just needed a little work to evolve into a modern AED. Automated External Defibrillation A man from Northern Ireland, Professor James Francis "Frank" Pantridge, who also happened to be a cardiologist, took Zoll’s idea to the next level. As a side note, he also happened to be the same person who, with his colleague, Dr. John Geddes, outlined the first standards for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). On top of that, he introduced the first Mobile Coronary Care Unit (MCCU), which was an early ambulance equipped with portable defibrillators and trained medics aimed at providing care en route to the hospital. In 1965, Pantridge added a 70-kilo defibrillator to the ambulance, run on car batteries. Again, crude, but it worked. By 1968, he’d refined that technology in a three-kilo device, made possible by borrowing NASA technology; a mini-capacitor. It would take decades for defibrillators to become standard in ambulances around the world, but today most ambulances have both a standard defibrillator and an AED. Today we are at the cusp of incorporating our best drone technologies with our lightest portable AEDs. Researchers in different parts of the world are testing different versions of this system. The key for moving the needle on saving lives will likely include some sort of machine learning (artificial intelligence) where drones can recognise the symptoms of an arrest before the prospective patient’s symptoms become critical. If a drone knew before the patient knew, we could see a huge shift in the success rate of treating heart attacks. When it happens, you can be sure Medshop will be there, continuing its commitment to providing essential first aid and heart-aid solutions. For those interested in learning more about how Automated External Defibrillators (AEDs) work and how to use them effectively, Medshop offers a comprehensive guide that covers everything from the basic principles of defibrillation to step-by-step instructions for operating an AED during an emergency. This resource is invaluable for both medical professionals and the general public, helping to demystify the process of first aid and early defibrillation. You can access this guide and enhance your AED training by visiting What is a Defibrillator? How AEDs Work and How to Use Them. Author: Steven John Cumper, B.App.SC. (Osteo.), M.Ost., is a businessman with a strong foundation in biomedical science and osteopathic medicine, who founded and led Medshop to international success, culminating in its acquisition by the Bunzl Group in September 2021, where he continues to serve as Managing Director (Medshop Group).
August 30, 2024
Steven Cumper
What Is TENS Therapy? Benefits, Uses & How It Works
TENS, or transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, is a method of pain relief that utilizes a mild electrical current. Commonly used to treat chronic conditions like lower back pain, fibromyalgia, and osteoarthritis, as well as more acute conditions, TENS therapy helps patients manage mild to severe discomfort more effectively. In addition to pain management, TENS therapy is also utilized to reduce muscle spasms—such as those caused by sports injuries—and to assist women in coping with labor during childbirth. I have seen its effectiveness in osteopathic practice, where it significantly reduces discomfort and enhances the quality of life for patients with persistent pain. Due to its versatility, TENS therapy is widely used across the healthcare industry. From physiotherapy to geriatrics, maternity to oncology, TENS therapy helps reduce pain levels for a broad range of patients. So, what exactly is TENS therapy, and could it benefit you? Keep reading to find out. What Is the Purpose of TENS Therapy? The purpose of TENS therapy is to relieve acute and chronic pain and to ease the discomfort of muscle spasms. When the TENS unit is attached and switched on, it sends small electrical impulses to the affected areas of the body. Patients generally feel these impulses as a mild tingling sensation. Benefits of TENS Therapy TENS therapy offers numerous benefits, making it a valuable tool in pain management and overall health: Non-invasive Pain Relief: TENS therapy provides an effective, non-invasive alternative to pain medications. It can be used at home, making it convenient for ongoing pain management. Versatility: TENS therapy can be used to treat a wide range of conditions, from chronic issues like osteoarthritis and fibromyalgia to acute injuries such as sprains and sports-related muscle strains. Labour Pain Management: It is particularly beneficial for pregnant women, offering a natural pain relief option during labor, allowing them to manage contractions without medication. Post-Surgical Recovery: TENS therapy can aid in reducing post-operative pain and speeding up recovery by promoting circulation and reducing muscle stiffness. Reduced Dependency on Medication: For patients seeking to decrease their reliance on painkillers, TENS therapy can offer a viable alternative, helping to manage pain without the side effects associated with long-term medication use. Enhanced Physical Therapy Outcomes: TENS therapy can be an adjunct in physical rehabilitation, helping to relieve pain and improve mobility, which can expedite recovery times. Improved Quality of Life: By effectively managing pain, TENS therapy can enhance overall well-being, allowing individuals to engage more fully in daily activities without the hindrance of chronic pain. How Does TENS Therapy Work? A TENS machine is a battery-operated device that delivers electrical impulses to the skin via electrodes. These electrodes are positioned at or near the nerves where the pain is located. There are two main theories about how TENS treatment relieves pain. One is that the electrical stimulation causes the nerves to block the transmission of pain signals. This essentially modifies the patient’s perception of pain, making it easier to cope with. The other theory is that the electrical pulses delivered by the TENS device help to raise the level of endorphins in the body. These hormones are the body’s natural painkillers. The more endorphins there are in the patient’s system, the easier it will be for them to cope with chronic and acute pain. What Are the Disadvantages of TENS Therapy? While TENS therapy offers many benefits, it’s important to be aware of some potential disadvantages: Discomfort: Some patients may feel mild discomfort in the form of a tingling or prickling sensation during electrotherapy. In my experience, this can usually be managed by adjusting the settings on the device. Skin Irritation: Some individuals may experience skin irritation or redness from the electrode pads, particularly if they have sensitive skin. Switching to hypoallergenic pads often alleviates this issue. Tolerance Development: Over time, some patients may develop a tolerance to the low-voltage electrical impulses, which can reduce the effectiveness of pain relief. This makes TENS therapy more suitable for short-term use or as part of a broader pain management strategy. What Kind of Pain Does a TENS Unit Help? TENS therapy is used to treat both musculoskeletal pain and a number of painful conditions including: Osteoarthritis Neck pain Fibromyalgia Tendinitis Bursitis Labour pain Period pain Sports pain Low back pain Chronic pelvic pain Spinal cord pain Diabetes-related neuropathy Peripheral artery disease Neuropathic pain However, it’s important to note that TENS therapy may not be suitable for everyone. For instance, if you have a pacemaker, another type of electrical or metal implant in your body, or suffer from epilepsy or an overactive bladder, TENS therapy may not be appropriate. It’s also not recommended during early pregnancy, so avoid the treatment if you suspect you might be pregnant. When used for cancer-related pain, it is crucial to avoid placing TENS electrodes over areas with known or suspected tumors. Does a TENS Unit Promote Healing? As well as easing various types of pain, TENS therapy can help to promote healing. Some studies suggest that the high-frequency electrical pulses used in TENS therapy can help to stimulate blood flow and therefore promote the healing of various types of wounds. TENS therapy can also help to reduce stiffness and stabilise weakened joints. This can help people undergoing physical therapy to improve faster and regain a wider range of movement. What Is the Difference Between TENS and EMS? The main difference between TENS and EMS (electrical muscle stimulation) is that, while TENS is used exclusively to relieve pain, EMS machines stimulate the muscles in order to strengthen and rehabilitate them. EMS therapy also promotes the release of endorphins and so can be used by a physiotherapist to help patients cope with pain – such as chronic low-back pain – as well as muscle issues. How Often Should a TENS Unit be Used? Patients can use a TENS unit for 30-60 minutes up to four times per day. However, as mentioned earlier, prolonged use may lead to diminishing results. If you're unsure about the duration or frequency of use, consulting with a healthcare professional is advised. What Is the Best Time to Use a TENS Unit? Studies have shown that TENS therapy machines provide the most benefit if used when patients are active. If electrodes are placed on the painful area when the patient is resting, sitting or lying down, they’re likely to see less significant results. Again, a doctor or physical therapist will be able to advise you on optimum electrode placement and the best times to use your TENS therapy machine. An innovative and effective way of easing chronic pain and muscle contractions, TENS works to heal wounds and promote the release of endorphins. To find out more, and to learn about our range of TENS machines and accessories, explore our collection or get in touch with a member of our team. Author: Steven John Cumper, B.App.SC. (Osteo.), M.Ost., is a businessman with a strong foundation in biomedical science and osteopathic medicine, who founded and led Medshop to international success, culminating in its acquisition by the Bunzl Group in September 2021, where he continues to serve as Managing Director (Medshop Group).
August 20, 2024
Steven Cumper
Laryngoscopy Explained
A lot of medical terms can sound scary and confusing at first. As someone who has spent years in the healthcare industry, I’ve learned that understanding what’s involved in various examinations and tests can help to demystify the process and allow you to prepare properly for your procedure. One such examination is the laryngoscopy, a procedure that’s essential for assessing issues within the throat and voice box. A laryngoscopy is a type of examination that’s focused specifically on your voice box, or larynx. The larynx is positioned between your throat and your windpipe. During the procedure, a laryngoscope is gently inserted into the larynx to allow clinicians a closer look at the vocal cords and area around the larynx. Although it’s a very common otolaryngology procedure, you may still feel concerned if you’ve been advised to undergo a laryngoscopy. To help put your mind at ease and help you understand what to expect, I’m sharing my experience and taking an in-depth look at laryngoscopies and the various products that can assist with these procedures, such as the flexible laryngoscope options available at Medshop Australia. The Larynx Explained The larynx (voice box) is a small but vital part of your respiratory system. Sitting between your trachea (airway) and your throat, it contains your vocal cords, also known as your vocal folds. It’s your vocal cords that allow you to speak and sing. Any damage to this area could affect your ability to communicate. Just at the top of your larynx you’ll find the epiglottis. The epiglottis is a small flap of tissue that sits beneath the tongue at the back of the throat. It’s usually open and upright to allow air to pass into your larynx and windpipe. However, when you eat or drink, the epiglottis folds backwards to cover the entrance to the larynx so that food and water don’t get into your airway. Types of Laryngoscopy There are three main types of laryngoscopy. These are: direct, indirect and fibreoptic. The procedure used will depend on your symptoms and on your doctor’s initial diagnoses. An indirect laryngoscopy is a quick and simple procedure that can be carried out in a doctor’s office. During an indirect laryngoscopy, a small mirror is placed at the back of the throat and a light is shone into the patient’s mouth. This allows the doctor to examine the larynx, vocal cords, and hypopharynx. Though non-invasive, this technique can cause gagging and so is not commonly used with children as they find it difficult to tolerate. A fibreoptic laryngoscopy, also known as a flexible laryngoscopy, is used when doctors need to see more deeply into the throat. During a fibreoptic laryngoscopy, a cable is inserted into the nose and then down into the throat. This cable has a small telescope or video camera at its end, allowing doctors to closely examine all parts of the larynx. During a direct laryngoscopy, your doctor will use a laryngoscope blade to push down your tongue and lift your epiglottis. This allows direct access to the larynx and is most commonly used when doctors need to take a tissue sample or perform intubation to assist with breathing during general anesthesia. This type of laryngoscopy is often carried out in an operating room under general anesthesia by a specialist otolaryngologist. Reasons You May Need a Laryngoscopy There are a number of reasons why your doctor may want to perform a laryngoscopy. One of the most common reasons for a laryngoscopy is a persistent sore throat. A laryngoscopy will allow your doctor to take a closer look at the affected area to see if they can spot the underlying issue. Other reasons for a laryngoscopy include: A cough that won’t go away Hoarseness Bad breath A foreign object stuck in the throat Difficulty breathing Trouble swallowing A persistent earache Surgical procedures such as the removal of a growth, or tissue biopsy Voice problems Ongoing throat pain Laryngitis How to Prepare for a Laryngoscopy If your doctor has recommended a laryngoscopy, the first thing you’ll need to do is determine which type of procedure will be performed. If you’re undergoing an indirect laryngoscopy, you won’t need much preparation. Your doctor will use a mirror and light to perform a short examination of the larynx and surrounding area. For a fiberoptic laryngoscopy, your healthcare provider may give you numbing medicine to make you more comfortable during the procedure. Numbing the area can make it easier for the doctor to pass the scope into your windpipe and reduce gagging. A direct laryngoscopy requires more preparation. If you’re having general anesthesia, you may need to fast before the procedure and avoid certain medications. You may feel lightheaded afterward, especially if you’ve undergone general anesthesia, so be sure to arrange for someone to drive you home. If the laryngoscopy was performed to take biopsies of suspicious tumors or growths, expect a follow-up appointment in the coming days or weeks. This is essential for evaluating the tissue sample and determining the best course of action. Tools for Laryngoscopy Laryngoscopes are a critical instrument in these procedures. From fiberoptic laryngoscopes to laryngoscope blades, these tools have evolved significantly in recent years. Products such as the Heine Fiber Optic Laryngoscope Set offer superior visibility and durability, allowing healthcare providers to perform even the most complex procedures with confidence. Final Thoughts Just like an endoscopy, a laryngoscopy allows doctors to see deep inside your body without major surgery. This makes it possible for medical professionals to diagnose and treat a wide range of issues, from tumors to foreign body obstructions, quickly and efficiently. If you have been advised to undergo a laryngoscopy, trust in the knowledge that these procedures are routine and highly effective. For medical advice, or to learn more about laryngoscopes and other tools used in these procedures, you can explore our range of fiberoptic and flexible laryngoscopes at Medshop Australia. Author: Steven John Cumper, B.App.SC. (Osteo.), M.Ost., is a businessman with a strong foundation in biomedical science and osteopathic medicine, who founded and led Medshop to international success, culminating in its acquisition by the Bunzl Group in September 2021, where he continues to serve as Managing Director (Medshop Group).
August 20, 2024
Steven Cumper
What is Doppler Ultrasonography? A Guide
Doppler ultrasonography is a type of ultrasound imaging that healthcare professionals use to get a closer look at your blood flow. As a businessman with a strong foundation in biomedical science and osteopathic medicine, I've seen first-hand how essential this technology has become across multiple healthcare settings. Non-invasive, painless, and completely safe, Doppler ultrasonography produces results almost instantly, helping healthcare professionals diagnose and monitor a range of conditions related to the direction of blood flow and blood pressure. Ultrasonography has been widely used by doctors since the 1960s to assess a range of conditions and diseases. The technique uses high-frequency sound waves to create a picture of internal body structures like tendons, muscles, and organs. It’s also commonly used in pregnancy to assess the condition of the baby and spot any abnormalities. Doppler technology has continued to evolve, and now there are specialized devices that cater to specific clinical needs. At Medshop, we provide an extensive selection of advanced Dopplers that enhance diagnostic capabilities for practitioners. Normal types of ultrasound imaging, although incredibly useful in the diagnostic process, don’t show blood flow. If doctors want to assess the condition of blood vessels, and the rate of blood flow in the body, they need to use Doppler ultrasonography, especially to assess the direction of blood flow and identify potential blockage in the blood vessels. A Doppler ultrasound test can be used by healthcare professionals to identify a number of conditions and to aid diagnoses. Incredibly useful, this quick, non-invasive technique can save lives and help doctors to provide top-level care. The advancements in handheld Doppler devices have empowered many general practitioners and specialists alike to make on-the-spot assessments that can be critical for patient outcomes. What is the Difference Between a Doppler and an Ultrasound? A Doppler is a type of ultrasound imaging that’s used to measure or assess the flow of blood in the body. Doppler ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to build a picture of how blood cells are moving in a patient’s vessels. The technique can be used to measure the speed and direction of blood flow in the body and is a valuable technique for diagnosing and monitoring a range of diseases and conditions, such as blockage or arterial occlusion. At Medshop, we offer a variety of Doppler devices, such as the Huntleigh FD1+ Fetal Doppler, which provides clear and reliable readings to assist in both prenatal care and general vascular assessments. These devices are designed to be easy to use, portable, and accurate, which makes them a staple in many healthcare professionals' toolkits. Doppler ultrasound tests are carried out using small, handheld devices called transducers. These are simply placed against the patient’s skin and then adjusted until the person carrying out the scan gets a satisfactory reading. The patient shouldn’t experience any pain or discomfort during a Doppler ultrasound test. What is the Doppler in an Ultrasound? The ‘Doppler’ in a Doppler ultrasound test refers to the Doppler Effect, or Doppler shift. This was first identified in the mid-19th century by Austrian physicist Christian Doppler. It describes the increase or decrease in the frequency of sound, light, or other waves as the source of the waves and the observer move towards or away from each other. A Doppler ultrasound test bounces sound waves off of the blood cells circulating in a patient’s body. This allows the doctor or sonographer carrying out the test to build up a detailed and informative picture of the patient’s vessels. This core technology is the basis for many of the Doppler devices available today, including the popular Edan SD3 Vascular Doppler, which provides a cost-effective yet highly reliable solution for clinics. What is Doppler Flow? Doppler flow is a type of Doppler imaging. Like other types of Doppler imaging, it uses high-frequency sound waves to measure the flow of blood through a vessel. Waveforms of the blood flow are shown on the ultrasound imaging screen, allowing the professional carrying out the scan to assess the patient’s circulation. Color Doppler, a more advanced form of Doppler imaging, provides color-coded visuals that show the speed and direction of blood flow in real time. Doppler flow studies are often used to assess the blood flow in a baby’s umbilical vein and arteries. It can also be used to check the foetal brain, foetal heart, and other internal organs. Doppler flow is sometimes called Doppler velocimetry. What is A Doppler Ultrasound Used For? Doppler ultrasound tests are commonly used to assess patients suffering from symptoms that indicate there is an issue with the circulatory system. For example, if a doctor believes a patient is experiencing reduced blood flow, blockage, or heart disease, they may use a Doppler to get more information about the patient’s blood vessels and flow. Doppler imaging allows doctors to make quick and accurate assessments and help them to decide if further treatment is needed. Whether you're dealing with vascular complications or prenatal monitoring, devices like the Edan SD5 and the Summit LifeDop 150 from Medshop are perfect examples of how modern Doppler technology is improving diagnostic capabilities. Symptoms that may result in a Doppler ultrasound test include: Numbness or weakness in the legs Painful cramping in the hips or leg muscles when walking or climbing stairs Cold feeling in the lower leg or foot Change in colour and/or shiny skin on your leg Shortness of breath Swelling in the legs, feet, and/or abdomen Fatigue Patients may also require a Doppler if: They’ve had a stroke - Transcranial Dopplers can be used to check blood flow to the brain They have injured their blood vessels They are being treated for a known blood flow disorder If they are pregnant and their doctor believes there may be a blood flow problem with mother or baby. What Can a Doppler Ultrasound Detect? A Doppler ultrasound can be used to detect and diagnose a range of conditions and diseases related to the circulatory system. These include: A blocked artery (arterial occlusion) Decreased blood circulation into the legs (peripheral artery disease) Bulging arteries (aneurysms) Narrowing of an artery (carotid artery stenosis) Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) Blood clots Poorly functioning valves in leg veins. These can cause blood and other fluids to pool in the legs (venous insufficiency) Heart valve defects and congenital heart disease How to Perform a Doppler Ultrasound Sonographers and most doctors will learn how to do a Doppler ultrasound test as part of their training. Some specialist nurses will also be taught how to use Doppler imaging and read the results. From my experience, having access to quality Doppler devices during training and clinical practice is crucial. This is why Medshop’s extensive range caters to both new learners and experienced professionals. The process is simple and usually involves applying gel to the patient’s skin to ensure the best transmission of sound waves. The handheld transducer is then applied to the affected area, and the sonographer moves it around to capture the correct readings. How to Read a Doppler Ultrasound The way a Doppler is read will depend on the exam being carried out. For example, a lot of foetal Dopplers are mostly used to check the baby’s heartbeat. In this instance, a simple heart rate reading will probably be sufficient to give the doctor or sonographer the information they need. If the doctor or sonographer is checking for an aneurysm, DVT or another circulatory condition, they may use another type of Doppler. Common types of Doppler ultrasonography include: Colour Doppler - This uses a computer to change sound waves into different colours which show the speed and direction of blood flow in real time. Power Doppler – This is a type of colour Doppler that can provide more detail about blood flow than a standard colour Doppler. However, it can’t show the direction of blood flow. Spectral Doppler – This type of Doppler shows blood flow data on a graph, rather than colour images. It’s often used to see how much of a blood vessel is blocked. Continuous wave Doppler – When this type of Doppler is carried out, sound waves are sent and received continuously. This provides a more accurate measurement of blood when it is flowing quickly. How to Interpret a Doppler Ultrasound Again, the way a Doppler is interpreted will depend on what the doctor is looking for and which type of Doppler has been carried out. If your readings fall outside normal parameters, your doctor will talk you through the results and what they mean for your diagnosis. How to do a Doppler Ultrasound in Pregnancy Because they are small, easy to use, and accurate, Dopplers are commonly used to check a baby’s heart rate during pregnancy. In many cases, family doctors will learn how to read a Doppler ultrasound test in pregnancy to allow them to monitor mother and baby without the need for a hospital visit. From my experience, devices like the Huntleigh FD3 provide essential insight for practitioners caring for expecting mothers, and are trusted in both clinical and home settings. When a Doppler ultrasound test is carried out in pregnancy, gel will be placed on the mother’s belly and a specially designed foetal doppler applied to the skin. The doctor or sonographer will then move the transducer around until they get a clear reading of the baby’s heartbeat. This process should be painless and non-invasive. Doppler ultrasonography is an incredible medical tool that provides valuable information on a range of conditions. Learn more about Doppler ultrasonography, and about the Dopplers in our collection of high-quality medical devices by exploring the Medshop store today or contacting one of our advisors. Author: Steven John Cumper, B.App.SC. (Osteo.), M.Ost., is a businessman with a strong foundation in biomedical science and osteopathic medicine, who founded and led Medshop to international success, culminating in its acquisition by the Bunzl Group in September 2021, where he continues to serve as Managing Director (Medshop Group).
August 13, 2024
Steven Cumper
Choosing the Best Insulin Syringes: A Comprehensive Guide for Diabetics
Managing diabetes effectively requires a deep understanding of the tools available, particularly when it comes to insulin administration. As someone with a background in biomedical science and osteopathic medicine, I've seen firsthand how the right choice of insulin syringes can make a significant difference in the lives of people with diabetes. The journey towards painless insulin management continues to evolve, but until non-invasive options become a reality, selecting the best syringes for insulin delivery remains crucial for optimal diabetes care. In this article, I’ll share insights into the key factors to consider when choosing insulin syringes, drawing on both current research and practical experience. Other than a miraculous cure, diabetics dream of a world where they can test and treat their sugar levels without permeating the dermis. In more simple terms, they want painless insulin management. While many research groups and corporate powerhouses — Apple and Google to name two — work furiously on non-invasive methods, for the foreseeable future diabetics remain stuck in a world where pins and needles are a necessary evil. In fact, one biometric industry expert, CEO of Valencell, Steven LeBoeuf, recently advised Wareable that he didn’t believe non-invasive technology would ever pan out. “It is completely impossible to have a truly noninvasive glucose monitor,” he told them. LeBoeuf added, “There will literally be stem cell regenerated pancreas cells in the body before there is ever anything that can be a truly noninvasive glucose monitor for dosing insulin.” Of the diabetic population, about 15 percent live with injections. Getting insulin in the body lives in the same neighbourhood. One cannot ingest insulin or smear it on the dermis. It has to get into the bloodstream quickly, and there’s only one way to do that—subcutaneous injections into the fat layer beneath the skin. This is, however, only the tip of the truth iceberg about the life-diabetic. What diabetics want to know is which are the best syringes for insulin? Best Syringes for Insulin For insulin administration, Medshop Australia recommends three brands above the rest, BD, Terumo, and MDevices. All three are reliable brands with competitive reputations. The only way to determine which of these brands is more your preference is to try them each, but we believe most users will see little variance between them. There are, however, some variables within each brand one should consider before purchasing insulin syringes from your local pharmacy or online medical supplier. Syringe Volume Needle Gauge Needle Length Getting started on a diabetes care program can seem overwhelming with all the lances and meters, but there is one part you’ll want to get right as quickly as possible: purchasing the correct syringe size. Syringe Volume When it comes to syringe size, as the adage goes, less is more. Some believe, incorrectly, that bigger is better. Not in this case. A large-barreled syringe will hold more insulin, this is true, but the smaller the barrel, the further apart the units. This makes it easier to read the numbers on the barrel and easier to get the dose of insulin correct. Reading the units on the barrel can prove challenging enough for someone the first time. For example, the line on the needle side of the barrel is the correct one, not the one on the flange side. To keep reading and dosing easy, the best syringe for each individual will be the smallest dosage option required. Draw the insulin to the line as mentioned, and it’s ready to go. Needle Gauge A needle’s gauge measures the thickness of the needle, the size of the piercing one must endure to get the insulin into the subcutaneous tissue. Too thin, and it might bend or not permit a swift plunge of the insulin. Too thick, and… ouch. The good news is that manufacturing technology continues to improve, allowing stronger, thinner needles. The thickness of needles has dropped in the last four decades. In the 1980s, 27-gauge needles were common. The thickest needles today start at 28 but go as thin as 31 gauge. Manufacturers classify them with terms like fine, and ultra-fine, but gauges are standardized so look for those numbers to know which you are purchasing. Traditionally, practitioners recommended lower-gauged (meaning thicker) needles for patients with thicker skin or higher body fat. The philosophy was that the larger gauge would stand a better chance of getting into the fat. This is not necessarily true anymore, again, due to advances in technology. For most people, a thinner needle will provide a less painful injection without compromising the insulin delivery into the fat layer. Needle Length Whereas needle gauges have decreased in thickness since the 1980s, the length of popular insulin needles has also shrunk. Needles back then tended to be 16-mm long, but today a 4-mm needle is most common. That doesn’t mean a shorter needle is best for every diabetic who needs them. One can still find 12.7-mm needles, but they are less frequently purchased by new diabetics. The immediately apparent benefit of the short needle is psychological. A long needle looks intimidating, especially to a child. But, that's not the only reason. Functionally, the longer the needle, the better chance of it bending too. The risk with a longer needle is the improper or painful administration of the insulin. A short needle injects the insulin right where the diabetic wants it. More importantly, it avoids injecting the insulin in the wrong place. Injecting into the muscle will cause an undeterminable glycemic level change, and poking a bone with a needle is like sticking your finger in a power socket. It's not pretty. A 4 to 5-mm needle allows the diabetic to inject without pinching, pushing the needle at a 90-degree angle, and with only one hand. On convenience alone, it’s easy to understand why needles have generally come down in length. Whether short needle, long one, thick needle or skinny one, understand that every use of a needle damages the point at an unseeable microscopic level. This damage can make insertion difficult and can cause unnecessary discomfort. If the goal is painless management, it only makes sense to use a fresh needle every time. Until non-invasive methods are viable, diabetics will need to continue managing their condition with the best available tools, including keeping a stockpile of fresh needles on hand for regular insulin injections. Author: Steven John Cumper, B.App.SC. (Osteo.), M.Ost., is a businessman with a strong foundation in biomedical science and osteopathic medicine, who founded and led Medshop to international success, culminating in its acquisition by the Bunzl Group in September 2021, where he continues to serve as Managing Director (Medshop Group).
August 13, 2024
Steven Cumper
What Does NDIS Cover?
For the more than 4.4 million Australians living with some type of disability according to the latest Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) data, the NDIS has the potential to significantly improve day-to-day life quality, offering greater independence, new skills, and access to assistive technology and services that deliver support tailored to individual needs. But what exactly does the scheme cover, and how can you check if you’re eligible? In this article, I delve deeper into the NDIS, cover the eligibility criteria, and explore some of the specific supports and services included in NDIS plans. Whether you're considering applying or are supporting someone who is, this guide will help you understand what the NDIS can offer. What is The NDIS? The National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS) is a program in Australia designed to provide support and assistance to individuals with permanent and significant disabilities. It is a government-funded initiative that empowers those who live with intellectual, physical, sensory, cognitive, psychological, and developmental delays by giving them more choice and control over the support and services they receive. The NDIS was introduced to address the shortcomings of the previous disability support system in Australia, providing a more personal and goal-centred approach. This scheme ensures that support is not just reactive, but also proactive, enabling participants to achieve long-term goals such as employment, education, and community participation. It focuses on providing long-term support to individuals with disabilities, aiming to enhance their independence, social participation, and overall quality of life. What Services Does NDIS Provide? The NDIS offer various types of support and services that fall into the following three categories: Core Supports Budget — This budget category covers funding for everyday supports and services that help NDIS participants with their daily activities, living costs, community participation, and personal care. This budget is highly flexible, allowing participants to choose how to allocate their funding across a range of supports, depending on their needs at any given time. It may include support such as assistance with personal care and NDIS consumables, transportation, social and recreational activities, and support workers. The Core Supports budget is designed to provide flexibility and cover a range of essential disability supports. Capital Supports Budget — The Capital Supports budget is allocated for higher-cost items and equipment that are necessary to enable a participant to achieve their goals. This budget category covers funding for assistive technology, home modifications, vehicle modifications, and other capital items. It aims to provide participants with the necessary tools and resources to enhance their independence and quality of life. Examples include mobility aids like wheelchairs, home accessibility modifications like ramps, and vehicle alterations to accommodate a participant’s specific needs. Capacity Building Budget — The Capacity Building budget is intended to fund supports and services that help participants develop their skills, capabilities, and independence over the long term. This could include anything from life skills development and employment training to health and well-being programs. It includes funding for various therapies, training, skill development programs, and support coordination. The Capacity Building budget is focused on empowering participants to achieve their goals, improve their well-being, and increase their participation in the community. Eligibility Criteria for NDIS Coverage While eligibility for NDIS services is determined on a case-by-case basis that is tied to a personal NDIS plan, there are certain prerequisites that must be fulfilled before you can apply. Below, we list the main eligibility criteria for NDIS coverage: Age — You must be between the ages of 7 and 65 to apply for NDIS funding. For children under 7, the Early Childhood Early Intervention (ECEI) program offers tailored support, which transitions into the NDIS as the child grows. Other support is available to those who fall outside the age range. Residence — You must be an Australian citizen, permanent resident, or hold a Protected Special Category visa to apply for NDIS support. This ensures that the scheme is available to those who are legally entitled to long-term residency in Australia. Living Situation — You must be living in Australia to access NDIS support. Temporary absences from the country (such as holidays) are generally permissible, but ongoing support requires that your primary residence remains in Australia. Disability Status — You must have a disability that is caused by a permanent impairment. This can be intellectual, cognitive, neurological, sensory, physical, or psychosocial disability. The impairment must substantially reduce your ability to perform everyday activities and require lifelong support. Other eligibility requirements include whether you need support for daily living, whether you require early intervention support to reduce the need for future support, and whether you require support for your family to build the skills needed to help you. However, each of these criteria is judged on your application. It's also important to note that having a disability does not automatically qualify you for NDIS support; the impairment must have a significant impact on your life. What Falls Under the Coverage of the NDIS? Under the NDIS, eligible participants are assessed based on their individual support needs and goals, and then allocated funding to access a range of supports and services that are tailored to their specific requirements. These supports can include things like personal care, therapy, assistive technology, home modifications, and participation in community activities. Individually tailored plans may cover the following, however, it’s important to note that the specific supports and services provided under the NDIS can vary depending on the individual's needs and goals. Each NDIS plan is unique, designed to meet the specific circumstances of the participant, ensuring that they receive the right level of support for their situation. Daily living support — This includes assistance with personal care, household tasks, meal preparation, and other activities of daily living. Such support ensures that participants can maintain a good standard of living and manage their day-to-day needs independently or with minimal assistance. Therapy services — The NDIS can fund various types of therapy, such as occupational therapy, speech therapy, physiotherapy, and behaviour support. These therapies aim to improve functional abilities and enhance overall well-being. Therapies are chosen based on individual goals, whether they are related to improving communication, mobility, or managing behaviours. Assistive technology — Funding can be provided for assistive devices and equipment that help individuals with disabilities to improve their independence and participation. This may include wheelchairs, communication aids, hearing aids, prosthetics, and home modifications. The goal of assistive technology under the NDIS is to increase the participant's ability to perform activities they might otherwise struggle with. Home and vehicle modifications — The NDIS may cover modifications to the participant's home or vehicle to enhance accessibility and safety. Examples include ramps, handrails, bathroom modifications, and vehicle hoists. These modifications are crucial for ensuring participants can move freely and safely within their homes and when traveling. Community participation — The NDIS supports participation in community activities and social engagement. This can include funding for participation in sports, recreational programs, art classes, social groups, and community events. This support helps reduce isolation and promotes social inclusion for people with disabilities. Supported employment — The NDIS offers support for individuals with disabilities to access and maintain employment. This may involve assistance with job training, workplace modifications, and ongoing support to ensure job sustainability. The aim is to help participants find and keep meaningful employment, enhancing their independence and financial stability. Respite care — The NDIS can provide funding for respite services, offering temporary relief to families and carers of individuals with disabilities. Respite care is essential for carers to recharge and continue providing support, ensuring the well-being of both the carer and the participant. What Is Not Covered Under NDIS? When considering what is not covered by the NDIS, it’s important to remember that exceptions or specific circumstances where certain items or services are not typically covered may be considered eligible on a case-by-case basis. If a particular support is directly related to your disability and contributes to your NDIS goals, it may be considered even if it's not typically covered. However, having said this, while the NDIS aims to provide coverage for a wide range of supports and services, there are certain items and services that are generally not covered. Here are a few examples. Mainstream services and supports — The NDIS does not cover supports and services that are the responsibility of other sectors, such as healthcare, education, and income support. These services are considered part of the mainstream system and should be accessed through the relevant government departments. For example, school education and hospital treatments are not covered by the NDIS but by other government programs. Medical and healthcare expenses — The NDIS does not cover medical and healthcare expenses that are typically covered by Medicare or private health insurance. However, it may cover certain disability-related healthcare costs that are not covered by these other systems, such as specific therapies or aids directly related to a person’s disability. For example, the NDIS might cover therapeutic supports, but not general medical treatments. Day-to-day living expenses — The NDIS does not cover general day-to-day living expenses such as groceries, rent, utility bills, clothing, or general household items. These are considered regular living expenses that all Australians are responsible for managing independently. Emergency or crisis supports — The NDIS is not designed to provide emergency or crisis supports. In case of emergencies, individuals should contact the appropriate emergency services, such as ambulance or police. The NDIS focuses on long-term support rather than immediate emergency assistance. Recreational or leisure activities without a specific disability-related goal — While the NDIS supports community participation, it generally does not cover recreational or leisure activities that do not have a direct disability-related goal or purpose. For instance, general entertainment activities not related to your NDIS goals would not be funded. Supports unrelated to the participant's disability — The NDIS focuses on providing support and services directly related to a participant's disability. Supports that are unrelated to the participant's disability or do not contribute to their overall well-being and functioning may not be covered. This ensures that NDIS resources are directed specifically towards disability-related needs. How to Apply for NDIS Funding? Applying for NDIS funding is simple once you have ascertained whether or not you are eligible. You can either: Call 1800 800 110 and speak to an advisor to make a verbal request. Download and complete the Request Form from the NDIS website. Once you have requested access, you will be asked to complete an ARF form which can be downloaded and emailed or printed out and sent by standard mail. In addition, local NDIA and Partners in the Community Staff can help you with your application and with later plan management. After your application is submitted, it undergoes an assessment process by the NDIA (National Disability Insurance Agency), which may take several weeks. It’s important to gather supporting evidence from healthcare providers as part of this process. Providing detailed evidence can speed up the process and ensure your plan is tailored to your needs. Once you have successfully received NDIS funding, you can begin to access the services and products of NDIS providers within the remit of your plan. NDIS plans are typically reviewed every 12 months to ensure they continue to meet your needs. During the review, you can adjust your plan to better suit your changing circumstances or goals. For more information on how Medshop can help you find the necessary support equipment you need to improve your quality of life, contact us today. Author: Steven John Cumper, B.App.SC. (Osteo.), M.Ost., is a businessman with a strong foundation in biomedical science and osteopathic medicine, who founded and led Medshop to international success, culminating in its acquisition by the Bunzl Group in September 2021, where he continues to serve as Managing Director (Medshop Group).
October 14, 2020
Steven Cumper
How to Find Your Nearest AED in Australia
An automated external defibrillator, or AED, is an essential piece of life-saving equipment. Used to restore normal rhythm to the heart when a person is in cardiac arrest, an AED can have a big impact on a patient’s chances of survival. In order to help more people survive a cardiac arrest, and give members of the public access to this life-saving tool, AEDs have been installed in a number of locations across Australia. From hospitals and schools to gyms and shopping centres, these publicly available AEDs can help provide fast, effective treatment to a person suffering a cardiac arrest. October 16th is Restart-a-Heart Day in Australia and New Zealand. To mark this important occasion, and to help raise awareness of the importance of AEDs, we’re taking a closer look at these important life-saving tools. What is an AED? AED is used to shock the heart back into a normal rhythm when a person is suffering a cardiac arrest. Unlike heart attacks, which are caused by a blockage in an artery to the heart, a cardiac arrest happens when the heart’s electrical system malfunctions. This malfunction results in abnormal heart rhythms, called arrhythmias, that make it very difficult for the heart to pump blood. The probability of survival decreases by 7% to 10% for every minute that a patient stays in a life-threatening arrhythmia. Quick, effective treatment is the best way to ensure a patient survives a cardiac arrest and isn’t left with long-term injuries. AEDs allow members of the public, or nearby medical staff, to administer life saving treatment before an ambulance arrives. These computerised defibrillators automatically analyse heart rhythms and administer a shock if an abnormal rhythm is detected. As the process is automated, the person using the defibrillator doesn’t need any medical training in order to provide assistance. This can save vital minutes in a medical emergency and help more people to survive a cardiac arrest. Where to find an AED in public places? In order to help members of the public, or medical personal, provide quick treatment to people suffering a cardiac arrest, AEDs are located in public and private buildings across the country. While many AEDs are registered, a lot aren’t. So knowing how to find AED equipment is essential. You’ll commonly find AEDs in large buildings and public locations such as: Hospitals – commonly found on hospital wards and in outpatient areas Community centres – often located in the foyer or reception area Schools – in the staff room or school office Office blocks – in the reception area or foyer Sports clubs – in the reception area or office Gyms – commonly kept close to exercise equipment like treadmills Shopping centres – in central locations like information desks Public libraries – in the reception area If you see someone having a cardiac arrest and are near one of these locations, they should be your first port of call when looking for an AED. When looking for an AED, keep your eyes peeled for an AED wall sign identifying its location. These signs should be installed next to every device to make them easier to find. How to find my nearest AED? There are a number of ways to find your nearest AED in Australia. One option is to head off on foot to one of the locations listed above. This can often be the quickest way of finding an AED. However, as not all offices, schools, sports clubs and gyms will have an AED, there are no guarantees your search will be successful. What’s more, as access to many of these locations will only be possible during opening hours, you’ll have to double check your watch when looking for an AED. The easiest way to find your nearest AED in Australia is to use the AED Locator app. Using the app to find AED machines close to you could save crucial minutes in an emergency. The AED Locator app has been specifically designed to help members of the public locate an AED fast. It uses the GPS on your phone to find your location and match you with the nearest AED. The app features an interactive map that will help you find the AED as quickly as possible. As well as helping you locate your nearest AED, the app allows you to report missing AEDs. This is incredibly important as a missing AED could put someone’s life at risk. You can download the AED Locator app here. Alternatively, you can find your nearest AED by checking the St John’s Ambulance website. This lets you view locations of nearby AEDs and also register an AED if you have one on your property. Click here to visit the St John’s ambulance site. Restart-a-Heart Day On October 16th, Australia and New Zealand will celebrate Restart a Heart Day. Taking place at the same time as Shocktober, an AED awareness campaign by Ambulance Victoria, the day will be used to promote information about cardiac arrests and teach people what to do if they see someone in distress. Every year, around 34,000 Australians and New Zealanders suffer out-of-hospital cardiac arrests. After 10 minutes without intervention, the damage caused by cardiac arrest is nearly irreversible. If you know how to find an AED and what to do when someone has a cardiac arrest, you could significantly boost their chances of survival. To mark Restart-a-Heart Day, we’ll be offering 5% off of AEDs for the remainder of October. Use code: RESTARTHEART5 at the checkout. Find out more, and learn about the AEDs and other life saving products we offer, by exploring the Medshop site today. Author: Steven John Cumper, B.App.SC. (Osteo.), M.Ost., is a businessman with a strong foundation in biomedical science and osteopathic medicine, who founded and led Medshop to international success, culminating in its acquisition by the Bunzl Group in September 2021, where he continues to serve as Managing Director (Medshop Group).
February 14, 2023
Steven Cumper
8 Best Stethoscopes for EMTs & Paramedics
Both EMTs and paramedics rely on stethoscopes for a variety of patient checks and examinations. From listening to a patient’s heartbeat to checking blood pressure and other vital signs, stethoscopes play an important part in providing fast, effective first aid. If you’re looking for a new, reliable device, check out our pick of the best stethoscopes for EMTs.
June 20, 2022
Steven Cumper
How Do You Replace a Littmann Ear Tip?
One of the biggest names in the industry, 3M Littmann manufactures stethoscopes that are well known for their high acoustic quality and reliability. Littmann produces a variety of stethoscope models to suit all medical professionals. Ranging from student stethoscopes to master cardiology stethoscopes, these accurate, easy to use devices are some of our most popular medical supplies. Although they’re arguably one of the simplest medical tools in use, stethoscopes are incredibly important when it comes to diagnosing, monitoring and assessing patients. One of the most important parts of a Littmann stethoscope is the ear tip. The ear tips form a tight acoustic seal with the ear canal. This helps to keep ambient noise out and ensures doctors, nurses and students are able to clearly hear the chest, heart and other relevant sounds. In order to keep the acoustics as good as possible, you’ll occasionally need to change the ear pieces on your 3M Littmann stethoscope. Learning to do this properly will help to ensure a comfortable fit and make your stethoscope as accurate and reliable. How Do I Change the Littmann Ear Piece? As you’d expect from a trusted company like 3M Littmann, their products, including spare parts, are made from high quality materials and are designed with usability in mind. As a result, Littmann earbuds are very easy to change and old ear tips can be swapped for new ones in a matter of moments. To replace your existing Littmann stethoscope ear tips, simply grip the ear tip firmly and pull until it comes off. Then take the replacement ear tips and push them firmly onto the ends of the eartubes until they snap on to the tube and into place. To test if the ear tips are in the correct position, give them a gentle tug. It should take a concerted effort to remove them, so if they stay put, then you’ve replaced them successfully. How Do I Change the Earpiece on my Littmann Classic III? The Littmann Classic III stethoscope is the latest model in the company’s Classic range. This multipurpose stethoscope is ideal for specialists as well as students and general practice. It has a tuneable diaphragm on both the adult and paediatric surfaces of the chestpiece, next-generation tubing with enhanced resistance to skin oils and alcohol and exceptional acoustics that will allow you to properly assess your patients. The process for changing the earpiece on a Littman Classic III is the same as it is for the Classic II and other stethoscopes in the Littmann range. You can choose from either grey or black snap tight soft-sealing eartips. Once you’ve selected your new ear tips, simply remove the old ones and push the new ear pieces into place. What is the Littmann Ear Tip Made Of? Littmann ear tips are made from soft, pliable rubber. This high quality material is designed to adjust to the individual’s ear to form an excellent acoustic seal. This ensures the ear tips are comfortable to wear and helps to block out unwanted ambient noise, making it easier to hear all the sounds in the patient’s chest. You’ll find new ear tips in any standard Littmann stethoscope spare parts kit. Why is Changing or Cleaning Earpieces Important? It’s very important to keep your earpieces clean and to change them whenever they appear worn or damaged. Ear tips can easily pick up dirt and bacteria from the ear and the surrounding environment. Thoroughly cleaning the ear tips with an alcohol solution will help to remove this build up and keep your Littmann Cardiology or Classic stethoscope hygienic and safe to use. Over time, the soft rubber of the ear tips can become less flexible and suffer wear and tear. This may reduce the effectiveness of the acoustic seal and let ambient noise creep in. Investing in stethoscope replacement parts and swapping your old ear tips for new ones will help to ensure your stethoscope works exactly as it should. What Precautions to Keep in Mind While Changing Stethoscope Earpieces? When changing or cleaning the ear tips on Littmann Cardiology III, Cardiology IV or Classic stethoscopes, it’s important to ensure that the ear piece is completely dry before you attach it. If there’s water trapped in the ear tip, it can degrade the rubber and cause acoustic interference when you’re examining your patients. Can Stethoscope Earpieces Be Put in Backwards? Littmann earpieces should be pointing in a forward direction when they’re inserted into the ear. This helps to ensure a comfortable fit and a good acoustic seal. If you rotate the headset and put them in backwards, you’re likely to find they don’t offer the same high quality sound or the comfort level you’d expect from a Littmann product. When changing the ear tips on your Littmann stethoscope, it will be clear which way the ear tips should be facing when they’re pushed into position. If you’re unsure, take a good look at the position of your existing ear tips before you replace them. Littmann is one of the most established names in the world of stethoscopes. Known for their high quality acoustics, their durability and their versatility, these medical supplies can be found in hospitals, clinics and surgeries around the world. Changing the ear tips on your Classic, cardiology or digital stethoscope on a regular basis will help to keep your product in great condition and ensure you can accurately assess your patients. To find out more, and to start shopping for Littmann® stethoscope spare parts, explore our range of specialist medical supplies, or get in touch with a member of our team today.
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